1. “The carve-out permits TPP member countries to block corporations from using the ‘investor-state dispute settlement’ (ISDS) mechanism to receive compensation for commercial damages resulting from tobacco control measures” (S. Puig, Discussion Paper No. 16-13, June 2016)
2. “Typically, general exceptions declare that no obligations in the agreement (or a particular chapter) should be construed to prevent a state from taking necessary action to protect public health or meet other social welfare goals. Including a general exception would have the benefit of applying to public health or welfare measures in general, and not just to tobacco measures.” (A. Mitchell & E. Sheargold,State Regulatory Autonomy and Tobacco Control in International Trade and Investment Law)
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这么久的提问都没有答案，只好来自问自答，也算是对知识的梳理吧。回头看来其实是比较简单的概念区分，举例最直观。
1. “The carve-out permits TPP member countries to block corporations from using the ‘investor-state dispute settlement’ (ISDS) mechanism to receive compensation for commercial damages resulting from tobacco control measures” (S. Puig, Discussion Paper No. 16-13, June 2016)
2. “Typically, general exceptions declare that no obligations in the agreement (or a particular chapter) should be construed to prevent a state from taking necessary action to protect public health or meet other social welfare goals. Including a general exception would have the benefit of applying to public health or welfare measures in general, and not just to tobacco measures.” (A. Mitchell & E. Sheargold,State Regulatory Autonomy and Tobacco Control in International Trade and Investment Law)
从上述引文中可以窥见：
1. Carve-out是在条约或协议中直接排除某些对象的适用，也就是说在争端发生之前，当事方都同意排除的内容。换言之，被carved-out的对象不会被置于条约的争端解决机制（因为事先排除了）。
2. 反观exception，上文的例子不够直接，有兴趣的可以去看GATT/GATS下的“general exceptions”条款。此类条款一般是在争端发生之后，作为抗辩理由之一（往往还是最后的抗辩last resort）提出的，也就是首先承认条约适用于相关对象然而因其属于“例外”范畴，因此可以免责。
这就是我目前的想法了，如果之后发现有偏差再来纠正。
欢迎大家指正。
您好，非常不好意思，跑到这来请教您有关欧洲留学签证的问题，办理签证的时候，拿到了学校的offer，还需要资产证明吗